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1¡¢ ¡°Actually it may not matter so much whether our representatives are treating
themselves the way they treat the rest of us.¡± £¨Ò³78£©
Öì¡¢¹ËÒ룺¡°ÆäʵÎÒÃǵĴú±íÊÇ·ñ½«µÈͬÓÚÎÒÃÇÎ޹ؽôÒª¡£¡±
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2¡¢ ¡°there are precious few, if indeed any , First Amendment claims that have
reached the Court whose vindication would have seriously imperiled the republic
or anything else.¡± (Ò³110)
Öì¡¢¹ËÒ룺¡°ÒÑÌá½»µÄ·¨ÔºµÄµÚÒ»ÐÞÕý°¸ËßËϽ«»áÑÏÖØΣ¼°¹²ºÍÕþÌå»òÆäËûÊÂÎïµÄÇé¿ö¼ÙʹÕæµÄÓÐһЩµÄ£¬Ò²ÊÇ΢ºõÆä΢µÄ¡£¡±
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¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹ú×î¸ß·¨Ôº×Ô1962ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬²»Í£µÄÔËÓÃÕâÑùÒ»¸öÔÔò£¬¼´Õþ¸®ÎªÁËʵÏÖ¶ÔһЩ¿ÉÒÔºÏÏܵؽøÐйÜÀíµÄÐÐΪ½øÐпØÖÆ»òÕßÔ¤·À£¬µ«²»µÃ²ÉÓÃÆäÓ°Ïì¹ýÓÚ¿í·ºµÄÊÖ¶ÎÒÔÖÂÇÖ·¸ÁËÆäËûÊܱ£»¤µÄÁìÓò¡£Õâ¸öÔÔò¾ÍÊÇ¡°¹ýÓÚ¿í·º¡±ÔÔò¡£¸ÃÔÔò¾ßÓÐÏÂÊöÌØÕ÷£ºÊ×ÏÈ£¬¡°¹ýÓÚ¿í·º¡±»áµ¼ÖÂÕâÀà·¨Âɱ»Ðû²¼ÎªÎÞЧֻÐèÒòÆäÌõÎĹ涨µÄ¿í·ºÐÔ£¬¶øÎÞÐè¸Ã·¨ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¾ßÌåµÄ¸öÈË¡£Æä´Î£¬¡°¹ýÓÚ¿í·º¡±ÊÇËßËÏ×ʸñÒ»°ãÀíÂÛµÄÒ»¸öÀýÍâ¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬Ò»¸öÈ˲»ÄÜ»ùÓÚµÚÈýÈ˵ÄȨÀû¶øÌáÆäËßËÏ£¬ËûÖ»ÄÜÖ÷ÕÅËû×Ô¼ºµÄÀûÒæ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÓйء°¹ýÓÚ¿í·º¡±µÄ·ÖÎöÖУ¬Ò»¸öÈËÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ»ùÓÚµÚÈýÈ˵ÄÀûÒæ¶øÌáÆðËßËϵġ£7
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1¡¢ ¡°The remainder of this chapter will comprise three arguments in favor of
a participation-oriented, representation-reinforcing approach to judicial
review.¡± (Ò³ 88)
Öì¡¢¹ËÒ룺¡°±¾ÕµÄÊ£Óಿ·Ö½«°üÀ¨Èý¸ö¹Ûµã£¬ÓÃÀ´Ö§³Ö˾·¨Éó²éΪ²ÎÓëÈ·¶¨·½ÕëºÍ¼ÓÇ¿´úÒéÖÆËù²ÉÈ¡µÄ·½·¨¡±¡£
ÊÔÒ룺¡°±¾ÕµÄÓàϲ¿·Ö°üº¬Èý¸ö¹Ûµã£¬ËüÃÇÔ޳ɲÉÓòÎÓëµ¼Ïò¡¢Ç¿»¯´úÒéÖƵĽø·À´£¨Ñо¿£©Ë¾·¨Éó²é¡£¡±
×÷ÕßÔÚÕâÀïÑо¿ÁË×÷ΪÕû±¾ÊéºËÐÄ˼ÏëµÄ¡°²ÎÓëµ¼Ïò¡¢Ç¿»¯´úÒéÖÆ¡±Î¥ÏÜÉó²éÀíÂÛ£¬¼´ÓÃÃñÖ÷³ÌÐòµÄ¹ÛµãµÄÀ´ÊµÏÖ¶Ô˾·¨Éó²éÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÂÛÖ¤£¬¶ø¸ù¾ÝÖì¡¢¹ËµÄÒëÎÄ£¬×÷ÕßËƺõÊÇҪͨ¹ý˾·¨Éó²éÀ´Ö¸ÒýÃñÖ÷ÖÆ¡£´Ó¶øÖì¡¢¹Ë·ÒëËù´«´ïµÄºÍ×÷ÕßÊÔͼҪ´«´ïµÄÒâ˼ÊÇÍêÈ«Ïà·´µÄ£¡
2¡¢ ¡°In United States v. Robel, decided at the height of the Court¡¯s infatuation
with ¡®overbreadth¡¯ analysis, Chief Justice Warren suggested for the majority
that such analysis do not concern itself with the strength of the government
¡¯s interest at all, but involves instead an almost mechanical pruning of superfluous
restraints: ¡®It has been suggested this case should be decided by ¡®balancing¡¯
the governmental interest, expressed in (the statute) against the First Amendment
rights asserted the appellee, this we decline to do¡We have ruled only that
the Constitution requires that the conflict between congressional power and
individual rights be accommodated by legislation drawn more narrowly to avoid
the conflict.¡± (Ò³ 107)
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1 ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÒ»µãÊÇ£¬Ely²¢·Ç³ÌÐòÖ÷Òå˾·¨Éó²éÀíÂÛµÄʼ×÷Ù¸Õߣ¬¶øÊǸÃÀíÂ۵ļ¯´ó³ÉÕß¡£ÔÚ¡¶ÃñÖ÷Óë²»ÐÅÈΡ··¢±í֮ǰÓë¸ÃÀíÂÛÓйصĴú±íÐÔרÖø»òÎÄÕÂÓÐL.
Lusky, By What Right?(1975); Ball, ¡°Judicial Protection of Powerless Minorities¡±,
59 Iowa L. Rev. 1059 (1974); Black, ¡° The Unfinished Business of the Warren
Court, 1975 Term-Forward: In Defense of the Antidiscrimination Principle¡±,
90 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 6-12 (1976); Fiss, ¡°Groups and the Equal Protection Clause¡±,
in Equality and Preferential Treatment 85, 130 (M. Cohen, T. Nagel & T.
Scanlon eds. 1977); Karst, ¡°The Supreme Court, 1976 Term-Foreword: Equal Citizenship
Under the Fourteenth Amendment¡±, 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 8-10, 24-26 (1977); Tribe,
Structural Due Process, 10 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 269 (1975); Note, ¡°Mental
Illness: A Suspect Classification?¡±, 83 Yale L. J. 1237 (1974)¡£Ò»°ãÐÔµÄÂÛÊö»¹¿ÉÒԲμûRostow,
¡°The Democratic Character of Judicial Review¡±, 66 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1952)
¡£×ªÒý×ÔLaurence H. Tribe, ¡°The Puzzling Persistence of Process-based Constitutional
Theories,¡± 89 Yale L. J. 1063 (1980), note 3.
2Bruce Ackerman, ¡°Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law,¡± 99 Yale L.
J. 453 (1989)¡£ÓйØBruce Ackerman³£¹æÁ¢·¨ºÍÏÜ·¨Öƶ¨µÄ¡°¶þÔªÖ÷ÒåÀíÂÛ¡±µÄ¸üÍêÕûµÄ̸ÂÛ£¬¿ÉÒԲμû Bruce Ackerman,
We, the People: Foundations (Vol. 1) ÒÔ¼° We the People: Transformations (Vol.
2), Harvard University Press¡£¶ÔAckermanÕâÖÖ¶þÔªÂÛµÄÅúÆÀ£¬¿ÉÒԲμûWang Qinghua, Philadelphia
Convention and Popular Sovereignty: A theory of Legitimacy¡£ £¨¹þ·ð·¨Ñ§ÔºË¶Ê¿Ñ§Î»ÂÛÎÄ£¬2003£©¡£
3 ¿¼Âǵ½ÔÚÖƶ¨ÏÜ·¨µÄʱºò£¬ºÚÈË¡¢¸¾Å®¡¢²Æ²úÓÐÏ޵İ×È˶¼ÊÇûÓÐÑ¡¾ÙȨµÄ£¬ÏÜ·¨ÌåÏֵĸü¶àµÄÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÊDz»ÍêÈ«ÊÇ£¬°×ÖÖÓвúÄÐÈ˵ÄÀûÒæ¡£´ÓÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåµÄ¹ÛµãÇÐÈëµÄ¶ÔÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄ×î¼Ñ½â¶Á£¬ÈÔÈ»ÊÇCharles
Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of The United States,
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4 Laurence Tribe, American Constitutional Law, Vol. 1, 3rd, p.4, Foundation
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5 Laurence Tribe & Michal Dorf, On Reading the Constitutional Law, Harvard
University Press, pp. 24-30.¡£¶ÔElyÕâÖÖÒÔ³ÌÐòΪ»ù´¡µÄ˾·¨Éó²éÀíÂÛµÄÅúÆÀ£¬»¹¿ÉÒԲμû Laurence H. Tribe,
¡°The Puzzling Persistence of Process-based Constitutional Theories,¡± 89 Yale
L. J. 1063 (1980)¡£
6 ÕâÖÖÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉ´Ù½øÃñÖ÷ÖƶȵÄ×îÓÐÁ¦ÂÛÊö£¬¿ÉÒԲμû£¬Alexander Meiklejohn, Political Freedom, Harper
& Brothers, 1960¡£¹ØÓÚÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓɵÄÆäËûµÄÒ»°ãÐÔÀíÂÛÓУ¬ÒÔÄÂÀպͿÆ˹Ϊ´ú±íµÄ¡°Êг¡ÀíÂÛ¡±£¬¾ßÌåÂÛÊö²Î¼ûJohn Stuart Mill,
On Liberty£» R. H. Coase, ¡°The Market for Goods and the Market or Ideas¡± 64
American Economic Review, 384-86, 389-90 (1974)£¬ÒÔDavid Strauss Ϊ´ú±íµÄ¡°Ëµ·þÀíÂÛ¡±£¬
²Î¼û ¡°Persuasion, Autonomy and Freedom of Expression¡±, 91 Colum. L. Rev.334-371(1991)£¬ÒÔCatharine
A., MackinnonΪ´ú±íµÄ¡°Å®È¨Ö÷ÒåÀíÂÛ¡±£¬²Î¼û Catharine A. Mackinnon, Only Words, Harvard University
Press, 2000ÒÔ¼°Ð¿µµÂѧÅɵġ°¸öÈË×ÔÖÎÀíÂÛ¡£¡±²Î¼ûCharles Fried, Saying What the Law Is: The Constitution
in the Supreme Court, Harvard University Press, 2004.
7 Kathleen M. Sullivan and Gerald Gunther, Constitutional law, 14th edition,
Foundation Press, 2001, pp. 1288-89.
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