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清教徒的圣洁生活

I. 清教运动的历史背境
II.圣洁生活的意义
III. 圣洁生活的操练
IV.抗拒世俗影响
V. 犯罪者的挽回
VI. 今日信徒追求圣洁生活的反省
Bibliography 参考书目

I. 清教运动的历史背境:
清教运动起源于十六世纪六十年代的英国教会。虽然英国教会于一五三四年脱离了罗马教庭,由享利八世(英王)自立为教会之首,但这只为顺应改革运动带来的潮流冲击,而非真正希望在宗教上有所改革。直至伊利沙伯女王时期(一五五八),教会内部仍腐败不堪。在一六四○年底,英国议会负责惩查教牧人员的委员会公布了第一次调查结果,竟有一百多宗有关教牧丑行的案件,并称仍将继续研究以至尽数发见这种有亏牧职的事例。此外,本仁约翰的<天路历程>中也暗指教会中有很多伪善的人,他们“虽说服事神,但却到酒馆中去,常存贪心、淫荡、滥交、口中又常出污秽的言语,咒骂的声音、与谎言。”此外,也有很多利用宗教图利的人,他们“ 敛财的艺术五花八门,应有尽有,或用强权去夺取,或用欺骗之术或用拍马的方法,或利用亲戚援助,或假充宗教的热忱。”可见这时英国教会的道德标准己大大地偏离了真理。
而所谓「清教徒」乃当时教会一部份虔洁信徒感到要进一步的改革及肃清教会一切不合圣经的设施。他们竭力要求信仰上纯以圣经为准则,而非以教会或所谓传统制度作为信徒应加遵奉的权威。他们特别强调教会必须是具备圣经所示条件的真宗教和圣洁无庇的真教会。所以,清教运动的本旨是在于宗教醒觉,重教会纪律及信徒本身修励工夫,希望重新建立教会整体的圣洁生活。
此外,清教运动不单旨在净化教会,亦深愿透过教会的道义力量来改良社会风俗,革新政治,而使整个人得到实质上和精神上的改良。
当时很多信徒领就的作品都集中于纠正教会的问题。巴克斯特所着的<基督徒守则>正详述了基督徒在各方面生活上的责任。而他一另一部有名的<革新的牧师>(1656年初版)则针对教牧的腐败;他不是消极地讨论如何惩戒那些败德劣行的牧师,而是更积极地对教牧人员作劝勉。之中他痛诉英国社会中有大批心灵饥饿的羊以及无数丧失的灵魂,迫切地待牧养,若教牧不尽职份,还加上自己所犯的积行重重,岂非整个英国教会的一大悲剧。他劝勉教牧要使会友能“圣洁、和关心他们的团契、规律、完美、力量、保全、增进、和对神的正当敬拜。”而John Owen则眼见清教徒在Oliver Cromewll 带领的英联邦统治下的分烈而写成一些著作,如“OF the Mortification of Sin in Believers(1656), ”Of Temptation(1658)“及”The Nature, Power, Deceit, and Prevalency of Indwelling Sin“(1667)。要提醒信徒操练圣洁和治死罪欲的重要。后来,Charles II 登位,以强硬手段压迫清教徒,本仁约翰的<天路历程>便在1678年被困狱中写成的。其内容描述了信徒在败坏的世俗和教会击下内心的挣扎和如何持守真理而受迫逼仍坚持下去。
本文是要藉研究这些响应教会腐败而写成的作品,探讨清教徒对圣洁生活的思潮,盼望成为今日信徒追求圣洁生活的一些反省和方向。我们会先探讨他们所指的圣洁生活有什幺意义 - 其标准和内涵、再进一步了解他们操练圣洁的方向、最后是他们如何抗拒世俗的败坏影响和勉回犯罪顽硬的信徒。

II. 圣洁生活的意义
要了解清教徒对圣洁生活所定的意义,便先要了解当时教会内的情况。为要纠正那宗教伪善者和那些只靠行为的信徒的错误,圣洁生活的内在和外在表现必须加以强调,而另一方面、神的恩典如何作成这工作更是一重要的基础。以下是其中的要点:
A. 内心的更新:
正如<天路历程>中的「唇徒」,当时教会中有很多只会讲很多属灵道理的人,但他们内心却没有宗教-他们既没有祈祷,也没有悔罪的表示。所以清教徒十分强调圣灵在信徒内心更新的工作,如John Owen曾指出:
“ Sanctification is and immediate work of the spirit of God on the souls of believers, purifying and cleansing of their natures from the pollution and uncleanness of sin, renewing in them the image of God, and thereby enabling them from a spiritual and habitual principle of grace, to yield obedience unto God......Or more briefly; it is the universal renovation of our natures by the Holy Spirit into the image of God, through Jesus Christ......our holiness, which is the fruit and effect of this work”
可见,这种圣灵的工作是一建基于基督救赎的客观真确经历,使信徒顺服神和拥有祂的形像。而主观方面,信徒自己也能经历到这种圣灵的工作。本仁约翰细致地描述了这种内心的经验:
“圣灵感化他的心,使他知进他自己的罪......就会觉得罪的可忧与可耻。在他心中,他又找到了基督是世界人类的救主,觉得生人生中非与基督亲近不可,追求的心如饥如渴......也喜欢圣洁的事”
本仁约翰指出这种圣灵感化是信徒自己能知道的,虽然有时还会生疑团。
B. 内外皆合神的话:
在见证方面,这伪善者更不断绊倒人、亵主名,如果一有机会,便会欺骗、勾引,用各样方法讨人的便宜。因此,本仁约翰力指信徒外在的生活表现必须与内心圣灵更新一致:
“就是在外或在家,言语行为都是圣洁的。使他内心对于罪,会生出厌恶的心;对于家庭与社会,都会鼓励人们去行圣洁无罪的行为。”
而这种内外的一致的准则并非人自以为好,乃是以圣经为标准:
“上帝说我们怎样,我们就把自己当做怎样。这样的思想方可算为合神的道理。......神的话不但决定我们的思想,也能决定我们的行为。如果我们的内心与外面的行为都能一致,并且都能与上帝的道打成一片,那末,我们就可算内外如一,真是善人了。”
“The word changed into grace in our hearts......the spirit worketh nothing in us, but what the word first requireth of us......growth is nothing but increase in conformity to the word”
由此可见,清教徒看圣洁乃内外不断被圣灵改变,以至更与神的话一致。
C. 靠恩典的成全:
此外,那时教会中“还有许多做天路客的,虽然他们做了教友,也仍然茫无头绪,不知道得救之道。” 这些人的错误在于靠人的行为去取悦神,他们有以下的思想:“我遵守神的律法,靠神的恩典接受我,我便得称为公义,可以免刑。” 因此,在清教徒圣洁生活的著作中强调神的恩典已作成信徒成圣的功夫,而信徒追求圣洁乃生命自然的取向,例如:
“乃是基督亲自所行的,一方面来替我们遵守律法......我专心依靠主的功劳,好象一件洁白无瑕的衣服,穿在身上。......一个人靠基督的功劳得称为义,他必定会喜欢归服神......顺从祂的道......”
这种追求圣洁的取向非靠人的努力维持,乃单因信心而至:
Walter Marshall stated that, “ Think not that you can incline your heart to the immediate practice of holiness, by any such practical prinicples, as do only serve to vond......but rather let such principles stir you up to go to Christ first by faith”
John Preston 进一步解释因信心而有的圣洁行动之意义乃单为响应主爱而行:
“ To do a thing out of faith is nothing else but when out of persuasion of God‘s love to one, I do this thing, merely for His sake.”
所以,Owen只着眼于神的圣洁,而非个人圣洁:
“ Whilst I know Christ‘s righteousness, I shall the less care to know my own holiness. To be holy is necessary, to know it , sometimes a templation.”
D. 小结:
以上可见清教徒为了纠正当时教会内的腐败,针对他们对圣洁的误解和忽视作响应。清教徒看圣洁乃人得救后的必定和自然的表现,由内而外的活出神的话。这是神恩典的工作,而非靠人的努力可及。Parker 亦十分同意他们所指出圣洁的必须和重要性,而这也正是新约圣经的教导。彼前1:15指出信徒「在一切所行的事上也要圣洁」,而帖前4:3则强调「神的旨意是要你们成为圣洁」。
此外,Hawkes 也同意清教徒的圣洁生活乃基督的恩典在人内心作成的,而非靠人的行为。 从清教徒细致地描述人的顺服与神恩的成全如何互相配合,让我们更明白腓2:12-13中的意思 - 上文已谈及神如何在人心中运行成就善行,下一部份我们会探讨信徒如何恐惧战兢地操练这功课。

III. 圣洁生活的操练
从I. 清教运动的历史背境中,已谈及教会的腐败,在这情况下,除了强调神的恩典成全信徒的圣洁外,信徒追求圣洁的责任也是清教徒所十分关注的。正如Parker 在描述 Owen 的作品时指出,“Holiness is both God‘s promised gift and man’s prescribed duty:‘ neither can we perform our duty herein withour the grace of God; nor doth God give us this grace unto any other end but that we may rightly perform our duty.’ ......Sanctification has a double aspect. Its positive side is vivification, the growing and maturing of the new man; its negative side is mortification, the weakening and killing of the old man, the new powers and inclinations which regeneration implanted within us.”以下,我将就追求圣洁和克制罪欲这两方面去探讨清教徒如何将圣洁的操练落实于生活中。
A. 追求圣洁:
1) 每天的操练:
清教徒看圣洁的追求须要不断的练习,使其成为一自然的习惯。正如 Owen 所言:
“ Frequency of acts doth naturally increase and strengthen the habits whence they preceed. And in spiritual habits, it is so, moreover, by God‘s appointment......They grow and thrive in and by their exercise”
而这习惯是须要藉生活中每个行动去学习的:
“the actual aid, assistance and internal operation of the Spirit of God is necessary unto the producing of every holy act of our mind, wills and affection, in every duty whatsoever”
2) 默想的操练:
Owen 进一步指出这种綀习乃透过默想的操练,注目于神的美善和自我的罪恶:
“ Meditate on the excellence of God‘s majesty and your own infinite, inconceivable distance from Him. This will prompt you to recognize your evil heart, a recognition which strikes at the root of any indwelling sin within you.”
“Meditate much on your unacquaintedness with God. Little as you may know of Him, it is more than enough to keep you low and humbled.......God, by our Infirmity and weakness, keeps us in continual dependence upon Him for teachings and revelation of Himself from His Word. ......Let us, then, discerning once more the awful distance between the inconceivably great God and our own smallness, fill our soul with a holy and awesome fear of Him.”
这种默想的操练让人在神面前自卑,不断依靠神,至孕育出心灵对神的敬畏。因此,这份畏惧心是一种觉悟,叫人知罪、能改过。
3) 畏惧与依靠:
当时的信徒正是要抗拒和避除这份畏惧心,因它打击他们自以为圣洁的心态。因此,本仁约翰针对他们的错误,对「畏惧」有以下的解释:
“畏惧心使一个人的灵性上生出尊敬神的心,遵守神的道......小心翼翼的保守,不向左走,亦不向右走,却走在正道上。务使他终身不做污辱神圣名的事,不使敌人毁谤神的名,不使圣灵忧,心中常存平安。”
而Owen进一步指出这份畏惧迫使信徒更依靠神去过圣洁生活:
“And we have a due regard unto the promise when we(1)we walk in a constant sense of our inability tocomply with the command......from any power in ourselves,(2) When we adore that grace which hath provided help and relief for us,(3) When we act faith in prayer and expectation on the promise for supplies of grace enabling us to holy obedience.”
B. 克制罪欲:
另一方面,清教徒于英国联邦政府统治时期的分烈和后退使Owen 深切反省到藏于信徒内心的罪之影响力。Parker 在介绍Owen 作品的引言中亦指出,
“ The reality of indwelling sin in Christians had no doubt come to Owen with overwhelming conviction during the last years of the Gommonwealth government. He resisted Cromwell‘s personal ambitions to be crowned king and faced dissersions and strike among his compatrilts. Later he lived to see his and others’ dreams for ”a commonwealth of godliness“ collapse. All the political aspirations Owen had for his nation burst like soap bubbles. He saw clearly that the reality behind it all was indwelling sin in Chriistians.”
所以这时期的清教徒作品+分重如何对付罪。以下是Owen 他教导信徒如何对付内藏的罪,藉以响应当时的问题。
1) 克制罪欲的定义:
Owen 十分仔细地指出 克制罪欲 Mortification(克制罪欲)是:
“ First, it is the weakening of sin‘s indwelling disposition. Pride is weakened by the implanting and growth of humility, passion is neutralized by patience, uncleanness is washed away by purity of mind and conscience, and love of this world is checked by heavenly mindedness. These graces come from the Holy Spirit. Second, it is the alacrity, vigor, and cheerfulness of the Spirit or new man contending against lust. Mortification succeeds in varying degrees and may completely triumph if the sin in question is not lodged too deeply within the natural temperament.”
以上可见 Mortification 乃渐进的过程,罪欲渐渐减小与神美善的渐渐增多。而 Mortification 是可以完成的。
2) 克制罪欲的必须:
Owen 认为,“ we find the foundation of Christian discipline expressed by Rom.8:13,...... to kill the indwelling sin, the corrupted flesh or lust thought with the help of Holy Spirit in order to have the joy, comfort and vigor of the life in Christ.” 克制罪欲是信徒新生命的基础,也是信徒成长的必经之路。
本仁约翰亦指出,“最要紧的是管好你们自己的心,和心中的情欲。因为七情六欲比一切骗人的东西更利害。”
3) 每天的操练:
正如操练圣洁的生活一样,克制罪欲也是一每天的操练:Owen 认为,“ to leave sin above is to let it bring forth great, cursed, scandalous, soul-destroying sins......Unless we mortify sins daily and constantly, if will get the better of us and destroy us as believers......To neglect this help from God is to allow the heart to become hardened by sin(Heb.3:13), and to weaken the whole Christian life(see Psalm 31:10; 38:5,8; 40:12; 51:8).”
巴克斯特于1656年所写的《论革新的牧师》一书中亦指出,“要防止有罪的情欲......把省察自己的内心,压制腐败和靠神,当作苺天必做的严重功课。”
4) 克制罪欲的操练:
Owen 十分仔细地描述了这过程,以下是他的重点;
“a. Consider whether the sin exhibits particularly dangerous symptoms:
First, look for a sense of inevitability about the sin......Second, scrutinize pleas you make to excuse and tolerate a sin within you......Third, note the frequency with which sin eludes mortification......Fourth, determine if you argue against sin only because you fear punishment......Fifth, watch lest God‘s chastening punishment hardens your heart......Sixth, take heed lest sin turns your heart from God“......If so, only way to get out is by prayer and fasting.
b. Maintain a clear and abiding sense of guilt, anger and evil of sin.
c. Let the guilty weight of sin burden your conscience.
Load your conscience with these and repent before God. For unless the conscience is unable to alleviate its guilt of sin, the soul will never seriously attempt mortification.
d. Seek with a constant longing to be delivered from the power of sin.
e. Consider if the evil perplexing you is rooted in your nature, and nurtured and exaggerated by your temperament.“
以上的操练都指向提高对罪的警觉性,当发现便彻底解决它。这些操练非靠人的行为,乃全靠赖基督十架的救赎,如Owen 所言:
“ Let faith look on Christ in the gospel as he is set forth dying and crucified for us. Look on Him under the weight of our sins, praying, bleeding, dying : bring Him in that condition into the heart by faith; apply His blood so shed to thy corruptions; do this daily”
C. 小结:
以上所谈及的操练很易令人觉得清教徒乃苦修主义者,因他们十分强调每天的操练和克己的功课。但他们所指出的正是圣经所教导:如「舍己,天天背起他的十架跟从主」(路9:23),「靠圣灵治死身体的恶行」(罗8:13)和「恐惧战兢作成得救的工夫......凡所行的都......」(腓2:12)等。
Hawkes 在这方面有十分精确的分晰:“ Christian, in his reflection(self-inspection of one‘s desires in the context of the Scripture), turning to endeavor( only in endeavor that one discover his own weakness, his total need of the power of Christ), and from endeavor back to a scriptural evaluation(seeing in oneself the special, peculiar, and distinguishing graces of Christ). According to the Puritans’ model, the normal helical growth of the Christian life will avoid the errors of subjectivism, self-dependency and trusting in works, but realized the fact that the growth is in faith in Christ.” 因此,清教徒是在不断自省中曰溢体会自己的无助和神的救赎、赦勉及能力。
IV.抗拒世俗影响:
除了信徒内心的操练外,社会和政治上的势力不断打击及沾染信徒的生洁生命。如诺克斯的慨叹:「我们可以断言有讦多果树是当果子成熟之前即被毁坏了......被专制暴力所摧残,......有的为暴风雨所击打,再有的被害虫或毒泉所毒害」。因此,Owen 也就这方面有以下提醒:
“ The world is a present in a mighty hurry, and being in many places cut off from all foundations of steadfastness, it make the minds of men giddy with its revolutions, or disorderly in the expectations of them......hence men walk and talk as if the world were all, when comparatively it is nothing. and when men come with their warmed affections, reeking with thoughts of these things, unto the performance of or attendance unto any spiritual duty, it is very difficult for them, if not impossible, to stir up any grace unto a due and vigorous exercise.”
以上可见,世俗的思想很难与圣洁和平共存,清教徒们须要竭力地抗拒世俗的沾染,持守圣洁。此外,清教徒更要以圣洁的真理改良社会、律法、风俗,改良人民的人生,叫人弃恶从善。
小结:清教徒要以圣洁的真理改革社会固然是圣经的教导,但改革的方法必须谨慎。以福音的大能和见证的能力唤醒人的道德良知,自然能改良社会;但若靠政治力量逼使人民服从真理,这只是摧向道德主义罢了!正如Karlberg指出:
“ Efforts to build a Christian society, one in which godly piety and faith were its hallmarks, inevitably paved the way for a form of moralism......More seriously, the rise of moralism in Puritan theology jeopardized the purity of the gospel. ”
VI. 今日信徒追求圣洁生活的反省
A. 圣洁生活的确立:
在当时英国的腐败社会中有清教徒的兴起务求洁净教会。今天的香港社会,道德水平更是曰溢败坏,教会亦不断被世俗同化,其原因非信徒无力抵抗,乃因对圣洁的意义之误解。今天的信徒很少着重自己的生活是否圣洁,他们错误地认为这只是一很高和摇不可及的标准。但清教徒提醒我们圣洁是人得救后的必定和自然的表现,由内而外的活出神的话。若一位自称为信徒的人,却仍活在罪中,就如当时英国教会中很多伪善信徒一般,其悔改的真诚是甚为可疑的。因此,教会应清晰有力地教导这真理-圣洁乃必须而非选择性的。此外,更要鼓励信徒多体验圣灵在内心的更新工作,裹外一致地在生活中活出神的话,作美好的见证。
B. 竭力追求圣洁与恩典成全:
对一些保守派教会的信徒而言,圣洁生活的操练很易偏向律法主义和靠个人的努力。特别当提及要竭力追求活出基督,攻克己身,治死老我等操练时,神恩典的工作与人的尽力实不易平衡。因当时英国的教会内有太多「靠行为」的人,让清教徒深思到神的恩典如何作成信徒圣洁生活的追求。他们指出信徒是在竭力追求和不断自省中深切体会自己的无助和罪恶,从而更深领悟神救赎和赦勉的能力。这是一个不断进深的学习,让人越发不敢靠自己行善,而只把一切信心放在神身上。
可是,今天的信徒正是缺乏这种操练与体会,以至十分自我,对神救赎的能力和恩典亦不能深入体验。相反地,正如当时英国的信徒一般,今天很多敬虔的信徒抗拒和避除那份「知罪」的心态,因它打击他们自义的安全感。我们须要从新效正追求的方向,以免「事倍功半」。
C. 以福音的大能改革社会:
今天美国社会的道德极为败坏,这正好提醒我们清教徒希望以立法和政治力量改良人民道德的结局。若人内心没有被福音更新和改变,他们根本没有行善的能力。面对香港及中国社会道德水平的曰渐败坏,唯一的出路非政治上的复和或妥协,乃是信徒勇敢地传扬福音、毫不妥协地以圣洁生活见证福音的大能,这正是今天信徒的使命。我深切地体会迎接九七和公元2000最重要的不是什传福音的方法和策略,乃是信徒操练圣洁生活的落实。
D. 教会惩治的重要:
今天香港的教会普遍地过于强调爱心包容,而忽略了惩治的重要性。清教徒的思想中让我们反省到;若教会不严励地施行惩治,就等于任由信徒不断沈溺罪中而不悔改,沉溺于撒旦的权势中、沉溺于神永远燃烧的怒火中。真正的爱是让犯罪者醒悟到自己犯罪的可恶和严重性,从而有发自内心的悔改。此外,教会的惩治亦有教育性意义,让信徒看到罪的严重性,从而提高信徒对圣洁生活的重视,以加强教会见证的能力。因此,巴克斯特于《论革新的牧师》一书中表达那份「爱之深、责之切」的强烈情感,足为牧者的模范。
Bibliography 参考书目
英文 :
1. Hawkes,R.M. “The Logic of Assurance in English Puritan Theology.” WTJ52(1990), 247-261.
2. Houston, James M. Sin and Temptation: The Chanllenge to Personal Godliness. Portland: Multnomah Press, 1983.
3. Karlberg, Mark W. “Moses and Christ - The Place of Law in Seventeenth- Century Puritanism,” TrinJ 12 Ns(1989), 11-32.
4. Marshall, Walter. The Gospel Mystery of Santification. London: Oliphants, 1954.
5. Owen,John. Works. London: Banner of Truth, 1966.
6. Parker, J.I.. Among God‘s Giants. Eastbourne: Kingsway Pub., 1993.
7. Prestion, John. “Of Effectual Faith,” in The Breast Plate of Faith and Love. London,1634.

中文:
1. 本仁约翰。天路历程。基督教文艺出版社,1986。
2. 赫德逊。编。不列颠宗教改革思潮。出版:东南亚神学教育基金,1962。