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Note on Nietzsche(only as a conclusion)


As Leo strauss describes , when the three waves of modernity is transformed from
Rousseau to Nietzsche, in the sense of the discovery of history ,the reply to the
modernity as crisis turns from harmony/peace to terror/anguish. If put Nietzsche
back to German Idealisnm, it is so clear that, for him, the tradition of German
ideas after Kant, even after Luther, including both German idealism and Romanticism,
plays great influence on the birth of Nietzsche, especially Schopenhauer and Wagner
whom we have to think of. And, it is very important to relate Nietzsche with the
historical situations of 19th century as a chaotic and anguish time, either. When we
enter the ideas of Nietzsche, it will be apparent that, in what sense, 19th century
turns the crisis of time . As the beginning ,it is enough to take the crisis as a
whole crisis of culture ,of subjectivity, of being.

1¡¢ The subject of "history /historicity"
After Kant, the subject of history /historicity "happens "to be the main line to
solve metaphysics question. A living developing history process, toward
rational/natural right/end, appears in the focus of various systems. In the end, the
concept of universal history as symbols of spirit can shed light on both
contemplative and active life, eg, Hegel's history dialectics. In Nietzsche's
point, the demands of philosophy of history are fairly specific: it is to understand
both the constraints and possibilities of practices at any point in time, and to
understand how history is reproduced by these practices. Horizon, that can differ
historical being from non-historical being, only belong to creative subjectivity who
could experience perspective horizon as practices. As concerned with the importance
of history, Nietzsche follows the tradition of German ideas, even Hegel. However, we
have to point out that, unlike Hegel's dialectics of life, who views history from
the outside as a trans-individual process of development, as if we could have held
the absolute objective perspective like God, Nietzsche requires a "subjective"
view, who wants to see history from the "inside", one that would capture the
individuals' narrative perspective and sense for the meaningfulness of self, world,
and action. In the popular article, "On the use and disadvantage of history for
life", he assembles the criticism of the several modern approaches to history :the
"monumental", the "antiquarian", the "objective" and the Hegelian. His new
affirmation lies on relating effective history to present life directly. The
perspective of present life to view history escapes from the common sense of time,
and especially integrates time around the present. Thus, history is inherently
pluralistic, complex, and in large degree contingent, without unified logic,
purpose, or teleology as a whole. The horizon of life, of present life, sheds light
on history, and in time, effective history is embodied in each subjectivity.

2¡¢ The genealogy of crisis
The conception of culture presupposes an action frame of reference in Nietzsche's
sense. In the Untimely Mediations, he defines culture as the " unity of artistic
style in every life-expression of a people." Insofar, as a people forms a "mighty
community", it is "held together not by external forms and laws, but by a
fundamental idea of culture¡­¡­ "(p5)For Nietzsche, it is along the similar line
that culture declines and at the same time, the total crisis constructs its own
genealogy. In short words, we can describe the genealogy as followed:
Greek: The tragedy gets the highest point. While the inquiry to the nature of human
being comes into existence, say, Socrates, who unifies knowledge, good ,and politics
into the question of "what is nature", culture begins declining. When Plato
constructs the dualism of form and matter that plays great influence upon Western
philosophy, there happen to be the birth of crisis.
Christianity: It is people's Platonism, as Nietzsche tells us. Christianity
continues the dualism, especially, God own other-world and take care of this-world,
who create the world contingently. The dualism influences on people's morality,
that is what Nietzsche says, the relation of master to slave morality. Christianity
itself is going on losing the subjectivity.
Modern Time: As secularized time, modern contains the crisis coming from Platonic-
Christian dualism. It shows its characters of crisis in even every sense, including
culture, state, society, etc. Surely, the unique and real subjectivity is lost.
Person really becomes mask.. It is a time of Nihilism.

3¡¢ Nihilism: negative and positive direction
When describing the total crisis, we can say, in short sentence, we have come to a
time of Nihilism. Confronted with a life we are compelled to live without
intellectual grounds of conduct, a life in which "everything is permitted", how to
act and not to act is questionable. In negative sense, Nietzsche regards the
genealogy of crisis as the genealogy of Nihilism, in other words, Nihilism is the
very character of modern culture, which continues the traditional dualism and
traditional morality. It needs going beyond, since it is the very possibility of
goal-directed, meaningful action that Nihilism draws into question.
At the same time, to transcend the Nihilism which cause the modern crisis, we have
to get a new- Nihilism, say, in Nietzsche's sense, the positive Nihilism, for the
classical symptoms of Nihilism --"the felling of nothingness ",the "pathos of
in vain", and meaninglessness--only express a failure to relate interpretations
of self and world to possibilities of practice. Then, Nietzsche draws a conclusion
that we have to cancel/discard the dualism of Western tradition: Platonic-Christian
culture. In this direction, Nihilism liberate the world as contingency and power
from Absolute (Platonic Form or Christian God/Person ) ,the process of directly and
really experiencing the subjectivity as practices/agent/self is possible. In the
time, the conduct of sovereign individuality maintains the evaluation of
everything. It is important to remark the stimulus, even the total stimulus: will to
power(in certain sense, subjectivity as will to power is Nietzsche's major issue) .

4¡¢ Will to power
We could easily make sure that modernity concerns the process , within which the
individual looks for its God by itself after the declaration from Nietzsche: God is
dead. Nietzsche sees the full development of the individual conditioned by the most
ruthless struggle of individuals. "Let us be so far honest toward ourselves ",he
says," for everything is a consequence of the will to power, which is precisely the
will to life-a fundamental fact of all history ". When will to power is
conditioned with the life as practices, it is apparent that he use the term to refer
to the world ,to life, to interpretive activities ,to affectability and pathos, to
desire for the "feeling of power", and to organizing forces. According to Mark
Warren's Nietzsche and Political thought, we find out that at least we can
understand this term along different directions as such, in which it is a new day
opens to us to discover who and what we are on earth:
a) Will to power shows the character of the affectivity, or pathos of existence --
that is, our sensual embodied world.
b) Will to power denote a physis: the world in itself is a field of forces, actions,
and reactions, here the concept as a cosmological conception of totality.
c) Will to power: interprets(it is a question of interpretation when an organ is
constructed):it defines, limits, determines degree, variations of power. Mere
variations of power could not feel themselves to be such: there must be something
present that wants to grow and interprets the values of whatever else itself wants
to know.
d) Will to power as autonomy of the self is a universal motive, and thus a universal
value of the self-reflective beings.
e) Will to power produces a conception of history consistent with Nietzsche's
genealogical method, in which sense he conceives of practices as a confluence of
those kinds of historical inheritances demarcated by the will to power.
Remarks:
4.1 Non-metaphysics
The conception of will to power is not the definition of the world, not in
ontological sense ,even say, it only tries to show the characters of the world in
the time of Nihilism as a test.
4.2Eternal return
As Warren states," the doctrine of eternal return constructs a conception of
identity that is compatible with embodied experience and historicity because it is
an identity in progress ,an identity that is constructed and reconstructed out of
experience by means of engaging the world " We can see that, the doctrine of
eternal return is more existential than such a certain opinion about the dimension
of time, even if at the basement of nihilism, Nietzsche opposites to Platonic-
Christian time ideas. When we are going to open the horizon toward new reality, say,
toward the future, the question will appear how to experience the past by virtue of
the form toward the new self-identity. Based on the motive of will to power, eternal
return of the same cuts into various power-relations of historical horizons and then
connects old form with new matter together into self-identity. In this sense, will
to power can be realized and identified by virtue of external return, arrive at its
highest pole, overcoming itself and living its own life, and open for everything.


5¡¢Superman: some images
In certain sense, Nietzsche is constructing the new subjectivity in the cruel days.
We can easily see the (re)birth of subjectivity through his description of superman
as the opposition to world of last man. Superman belongs to the future, who
obtains the opportunities to relate vis contemplativa to vis creativa. Only in the
world of superman, can the quarrel between poem and philosophy be replaced by
experiencing the practices as actions. On earth, what are the images of superman to
Nietzsche? Maybe it is the baby, who is declaring that "being /becoming" after
"ought " and "will"; Maybe it is Zarathastra , who creates the world of history
beyond good and evil like God of Old Scripture. Maybe it is Nietzsche himself, who
is the unique artist of present life.Thus, in the sense of living a good life,
Nietzsche tries to return to the classic sight of political philosophy(maybe he
thought pre-Socartes is the perfect world ) by experiencing will to power to live
the present life.